Although the Girondins and the Jacobins were both on the extreme left and shared many of the same radical republican convictions, the Jacobins were more brutally efficient in setting up a war government. Answer: Louis XVI of the Bourbon […] In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). In Paris and many other cities, the massacres of prisoners and priests (known as September Massacres) followed. The prime mover, however, for the events of Thermidor 9 was a Montagnard conspiracy led by Jean-Lambert Tallien and Bourdon de l’Oise, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side (Robespierre and Saint-Just were themselves Montagnards). On Thermidor 8 (July 26), he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. According to new constitution; These new provisions were brought to prevent the concentration of power in one-man executive; as happened in the reign of Jacobins. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old Church of the Madeleine (demolished in 1799), since the legislation in force forbade burial of his remains beside those of his father, the Dauphin Louis de France, at Sens. Clergymen, nobles … Non propertied section of the society had no right to vote. The national movements in various colonies; including India, Indo-China and South Africa were greatly influenced by the developments in French Revolution. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions, which at different times included Britain, Austria, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. • Maximilian Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins, followed the policy of severe control and punishment. It also increasingly depended on the Army in foreign and domestic affairs, including finance. The National Convention was a single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. In the first encounter between the two armies, Napoleon pushed back his opponents and advanced deep into Austrian territory. The Directory denounced the arbitrary executions of the Reign of Terror, but it also engaged in large-scale illegal repressions and even massacres of civilians. Often members of targeted groups were the victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. This made Napoleon the greatest enemy of the same government that relied on his protection. In the elections of 1797 for one-third of the seats, the Royalists won the great majority and were poised to take control of the Directory in the next election. Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, French La Terreur, period of the French Revolution from September 5, 1793, to July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor, year II). During the French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleon was successful in a daring invasion of Italy although he failed to seize Egypt and thereby undermine Britain’s access to its trade interests in India. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. He was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy. Foods, such as meat and bread were rationed. Execution of Louis XVI, German copperplate engraving, 1793, by Georg Heinrich Sieveking. On September 4, 1797, with the army in place, the Coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, Year V was set in motion. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions. Besides functioning as legislative bodies, the Council of Five Hundred proposed the list from which the Council of Ancients chose five Directors who jointly held executive power. The new Convention, occupied mostly with matters of war, did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793. Catching the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, he was put in charge of the artillery of France’s Army of Italy. Its dominance marked the Reign of Terror. In June 1792, under the pressure of armed sans-culottes, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. On November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire of the Year VIII) Napoleon Bonaparte staged the Coup of 18 Brumaire, which installed the Consulate. He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. They sold flowers, fruits, vegetables and employed as servant in house hold. Robespierre voted first and said “The sentiment that led me to call for the abolition of the death penalty is the same that today forces me to demand that it be applied to the tyrant of my country.” Philippe Égalité, formerly the Duke of Orléans and Louis’ own cousin, voted for his execution, a cause of much future bitterness among French monarchists. As a baby, he was attacked by a bull and run over by pigs, which, along with smallpox, resulted in the disfigurement and scarring of his face. They were staunch constitutional monarchists, firm in their defense of the King against the popular agitation. The next day, the Directory annulled the elections of about two hundred deputies in 53 departments. Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor of France in 1804. He ordered a young cavalry officer named Joachim Murat to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire in the French Republican Calendar). Following this, his army captured Milan and started the Siege of Mantua. The universal male suffrage had thus very little impact and the voters elected the same sort of men that the active citizens had chosen in 1791. Eventually headed by Maximilien Robespierre, this committee was given the monumental task of dealing with radical movements, food shortages, riots and revolts (most notably in the Vendée and Brittany), and recent defeats of its armies. The war declared on April 20, 1792, against Austria (soon joined by Prussia) started as a disaster for the French. Bonaparte led 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. In their place they endorsed the political ascendancy of the Jacobins. On November 3, 1795, a bicameral parliament called the Directory was established and the National Convention ceased to exist. The next day, the worship of the deistic Supreme Being was inaugurated as an official aspect of the revolution. Soon, the King dismissed Girondins from the Ministry. The next day, the Convention abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. His steadfast adherence and defense of the views he expressed earned him the nickname l’Incorruptible (The Incorruptible). New members were appointed the day after Robespierre’s execution and term limits were imposed. Across Europe, conservatives were horrified and monarchies called for war against revolutionary France. [CBSE 2015] Answer: The following points explain the Reign of Terror: ... We hope the given CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions The French Revolution Pdf free download will help you. The former Louis XVI, now simply named Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet), was executed by guillotine. Its most famous leaders were Jacques Pierre Brissot, the philosopher Condorcet, and Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud. Members of various revolutionary factions and groups were executed. The main causes of the reign of terror were that people was obsessed with the anti-revolution feeling so thousands of people were suspected of anti-revolutionary activities or of helping France’s enemies. 379 members of the National Convention, for the most part moderate republicans, were elected to the new legislature. The Jacobins identified themselves with the popular movement and the sans-culottes, who in turn saw popular violence as a political right. This was a peaceful revolution … Answers. The Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies. On January 21, 1793, the former Louis XVI, now simply named Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet), was executed by guillotine. In France, the Reign of Terror followed. Break down the politics of fear and how Robespierre used them to control France. The period of the Jacobin rule known as the Reign of Terror, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, was the first time in history that terror became an official government policy with the stated aim to use violence to achieve a higher political goal. Because… Read More » An army led by Bonaparte conquered Egypt and marched as far as Saint-Jean-d’Acre in Syria. The Directory established six short-lived sister republics modeled after France in Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Government led by Robespierre issued many laws among which ceiling maximum wages and price and rationing were main. Shortly after a decisive military victory over Austria at the Battle of Fleurus, Robespierre was overthrown in July 1794 and the reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended. The constitution of 1791 made them disappointed as they were pushed to the category of passive citizen in that. Like other laws, it was indefinitely suspended and in October, it was announced that the government of France would be “revolutionary until the peace.”. A commission was established to examine evidence against the King while the Convention’s Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. As a result, the prison population of Paris increased from 1,417 to 4,525 people over a three months. This led to the consolidation, extension, and application of emergency government devices to maintain what the Revolution considered control. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. The trial began on December 3. Explain the structure and role of the Legislative Assembly. Why was the Bastille hated by all? For punishment, 361 voted for death without conditions, just carrying the vote by a marginal majority. The patronage of the directors was ill-bestowed and the general maladministration heightened their unpopularity. It succeeded the Legislative Assembly  and founded the First Republic after the Insurrection of August 10, 1792. Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine, and forced Spain, Prussia and several German states to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the National Convention. Maximilian Robespierre sentenced to death all those persons who he considered as enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble, clergy, and members of any political parties; including Jacobins. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days. At 10 a.m., a carriage with the king arrived at Place de la Révolution and proceeded to a space surrounded by guns and drums and a crowd carrying pikes and bayonets, which had been kept free at the foot of the scaffold. Two elected legislative councils would run the government. Women who belonged to third estate had to work hard. When the king formed a new cabinet mostly of Feuillants, the breach between the king on the one hand and the Assembly and the majority of the common people of Paris on the other widened. The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d’état within the French Revolution against the leaders of the Jacobin Club who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien de Robespierre. During the Reign of Terror, France was ruled by a group of men called the Committee of Public Safety. La_fournu00e9e_des_Girondins_10-11-1793.jpg. On the night of August 10, 1792, insurgents and popular militias supported by the revolutionary Paris Commune assailed the Tuileries Palace and massacred the Swiss Guards assigned for the protection of the king. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine. State finances were in total disarray. For Bastille Day, we have answers to a bunch of questions about the French Revolution. The period from 1793 to 1794 was referred to as the ‘Reign of Terror’ because of the following reasons: Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. A new constitution called the Constitution of the Year III (1795) was drawn up, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the Constitution of 1793. In October 1795, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention. The National Convention (1792-95), the first French assembly elected by universal male suffrage, transitioned from being paralyzed by factional conflicts to becoming the legislative body overseeing the Reign of Terror and eventually accepting the Constitution of 1795. The conquered cities and states were required to send to France huge amounts of money as well as art treasures, which were used to fill the new Louvre museum in Paris. The Assembly could offer only feeble resistance. Napoleon became “first consul” for ten years, and appointed two consuls who had consultative voices only. Short Note on ‘Reign of Terror’ Reign of Terror refers to the period 1793-94 when France became a republic under Maximilian Robespierre and followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Although committed to republicanism, the Directory distrusted the existing, albeit limited, democracy. Since the 1990s, and especially after September 2001, terrorism has replaced Communism as a major world political media headline. This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. It was ratified by public referendum but never put into force. 65 deputies were deported to Guiana, 42 royalist newspapers were closed, and 65 journalists and editors were deported. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The Legislative Assembly, the legislature of revolutionary France from October 1, 1791 to September 20, 1792, provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making. The government could only cover its expenses through the plunder and the tribute of foreign countries. However, these notes should be used only for references and additions/modifications should be made as per the requirements. State finances were in total disarray. The Directory denounced the arbitrary executions of the Reign of Terror, but also engaged in large-scale illegal repressions and even massacres of civilians (War in the Vendée). 1,400 royalists died and the rest fled. In spite of revolution, women did not get right to vote and their position in the society remained unchanged. Robspierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. The power of the Committee peaked between August 1793 and July 1794 under the leadership of Robespierre. Thus, the First Coalition was formed. Chaos persisted until the National Convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on September 20, 1792, and became the new de facto government of France. In 1793, Robespierre joined a 12-member committee of public safety called the national convention. Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men: 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease. Events came to a head in June when Lafayette sent a letter to the Assembly recommending the suppression of the “anarchists” and political clubs in the capital. The failing economy and high cost of food especially hurt the poor. Finally, Robespierre arrested and guillotined in July 1794. Maximilian Robespierre sentenced to death all those persons who he considered as enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble, clergy, and members of any political parties; including Jacobins. The members of the upper house, the Council of Ancients, were chosen by lot from among all of the deputies. 379 members of the National Convention, for the most part moderate republicans, were elected to the new legislature. In July 1793, following the defeat at the Convention of the Girondists, the prominent leaders of the radical Jacobins—Maximilien Robespierre and Saint-Just —were added to the Committee. To get their notable position in society, about 16 women clubs were started in different cities in France. Ans. Whether it's a Hail Mary at the end of a football game or guessing at the last few answers of a test when time is called, sometimes desperate times call for desperate measures. He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 and took nearly two years’ leave in Corsica (where he was born and spent his early years) and Paris during this period. The climax of extreme anti-clericalism was reached with the celebration of the goddess Reason in Notre Dame Cathedral in November. Reign of Terror ended with the end of Robespierre. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating terror with virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. This effectively led to Bonaparte’s dictatorship and in 1804 to his proclamation as emperor, which ended the specifically republican phase of the French Revolution. Resistance could be declared as treason and punished by guillotine. Radicals took control of the revolutionary government. Bonaparte also sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d’état and purge the royalists on September  4 (Coup of 18 Fructidor). It annexed Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, while Napoleon Bonaparte conquered a large part of Italy. Thus, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. The wars exhausted the state budget but if peace was made, the armies would return home and the directors would have to face the exasperation of the rank-and-file who had lost their livelihoods and the ambition of generals who could at any moment brush them aside. In April 1793, members of the Montagnards went on to establish the Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre, which would be responsible for the Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), the bloodiest and one of the most controversial phases of the French Revolution. In July 1794, Robespierre was overthrown, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. The period from 1793 to 1794 was known as Reign of Terror: 1. The Jacobins wore knee-breeches to go against the rich high-class French. Recall the composition and role of the National Convention. Marie Antoinette was tried separately, after Louis’s death. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leaders of the revolutionary government. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI awoke at 5 a.m. and heard his last Mass. The members were generally young, and since none had sat in the previous Assembly, largely lacked national political experience. Only one out of the five original members served on the Directory throughout its entire existence. The royal family became prisoners and a rump session of the Legislative Assembly suspended the monarchy. A commission was established to examine evidence against him while the Convention’s Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. Most of the women were deprived of education. This was the largest mass execution that ever took place in Paris and led to a fragile situation in France. The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. He remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in human history. The People Storming the Tuileries on 20 June, 1792, Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, Esquisses historiques des principaux événemens de la révolution, v. 2, Paris, Baudouin frères, 1823.: The King’s veto of the Legislative Assembly’s decrees was published on June 19, just one day before the 3rd anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath that inaugurated the Revolution. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating Terror with Virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. Not a single deputy voted “no,” although 26 attached some condition to their votes. Among people who were condemned by the revolutionary tribunals, about 8% were aristocrats, 6% clergy, 14% middle class, and 72% were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, or rebellion. The patronage of the directors was ill-bestowed and the general maladministration heightened their unpopularity. In the end, iRobespierre himself united his enemies. She was guillotined on October 16, 1793. Owing to the abstention of aristocrats and anti-republicans and the fear of victimization, the voter turnout was low – 11.9% of the electorate. During the Reign of Terror women’s clubs were closed and many women were put in jail. The prime mover for the events was a Montagnard conspiracy, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side. They were committed to the ideals of the Revolution and thus generally inclined to side with the left but would also occasionally back proposals from the right. 34 voted for death with attached conditions (23 of whom invoked the Mailhe amendment), 2 voted for life imprisonment in irons, 319 voted for imprisonment until the end of the war (to be followed by banishment). Traditionally, historians have identified a centrist faction called the Plain, but many historians tend to blur the line between the Plain and the Girondins. Shortly after that, following a decisive military victory over Austria at the Battle of Fleurus, Robespierre was overthrown on July 27, 1794. Directory could be dismissed by the majority vote of councils. The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée, the royalist-led civil war in the Vendée region, but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic. The Directory reacted by purging all the winners in the Coup of 18 Fructidor, banishing 57 leaders to certain death in Guiana and closing 42 newspapers. The National Convention  believed that the Committee needed to rule with “near dictatorial power” and gave it new and expansive political powers to respond quickly to popular demands. Tensions between Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly intensified and the blame for war failures was thrown first upon the king and his ministers and the Girondins party. He was a lawyer and the leader of the Jacobins, which was a radical political group. Napoleon’s accession marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of Napoleonic France and Europe. The Constitution of 1795 created the Directory with a bicameral legislature consisting of the Council of Five Hundred (lower house) and the Council of Ancients (upper house). The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte’s tactics. The local leaders of this new stage of the revolution were assisted in their work by the fear of invasion by the allied army. Resistance could be declared as treason and punished by guillotine. Use of Citoyen and Citoyenne for men and women citizen started instead of the traditional Sir (Monsieur) and Madam (Madame). The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), also known as The Terror, was a period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins (moderate republicans) and the Jacobins (radical republicans), and marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.” The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another 25,000 in summary executions across France. Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into offices and barracks. In December 1793, the Convention formally conferred executive power upon the Committee and Robespierre established a virtual dictatorship. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. The sans-culottes, exasperated by the inadequacies of the government, invaded the Convention and overthrew the Girondins. Practice of equality was sought everywhere. The Reign of Terror took place between September 5, 1793, and July 27, 1794. His refusal united all the Jacobins in the project of overturning the monarchy by force. Following the fall of Robespierre and the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, Napoleon, although closely associated with Robespierre, was released from the arrest within two weeks and asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France’s war with Austria. The task of lead counsel eventually fell to Raymond Desèze, assisted by François Denis Tronchet and Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. As a wartime measure, the Committee was given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. The King vetoed the decrees and dismissed Girondins from the Ministry. In June 1793, Paris sections took over the Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. The other group was the democratic faction for whom the king could no longer be trusted, represented by the new members of the Jacobin club that claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary. In their place they endorsed the political ascendancy of the Jacobins. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. French merchants bought slave mainly from Africa. The Committee—composed at first of nine and later of 12 members—assumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion. During the Reign of Terror, the sans-culottes and the Hébertists put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France. On October 31, 1795, the members of the Council of Five Hundred submitted a list of candidates to the Council of Ancients, which chose the first Directory. For both legislative and administrative purposes, the Convention used committees, with powers regulated by successive laws. It consisted of Paul François Jean Nicolas (commonly known as Paul Barras; the dominant figure in the Directory known for his skills in political intrigue), Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (a fierce republican and anti-Catholic), Jean-François Rewbell (expert in foreign relations and a firm moderate republican), Étienne-François Le Tourneur (a specialist in military and naval affairs), and Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (an energetic and efficient manager who restructured the French military). The election took place in September 1792. Any person who did not agree with his policies was guillotined. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist. The political deadlock, which had repercussions all over France, eventually drove both major factions to accept dangerous allies, royalists in the case of Girondins and the sans-culottes in that of the Montagnards. Within days, the Convention was overtaken by factional conflicts. 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Staunch constitutional monarchists, firm in their work by the radical ideology until the execution of Robespierre, the government! 26 deputies were absent from the vote by a marginal majority get right to vote the Battle Fleurus.